The UAE Federal National Council (FNC) has approved a draft law to protect the country’s cultural heritage, with severe penalties for anyone who damages, steals, or illegally trades in protected heritage items.

If enacted, the legislation would introduce fines of up to Dh10 million and prison sentences of up to 10 years for the most serious offences involving archaeological and heritage sites.

Why the new law?

The proposed legislation is designed to preserve the UAE’s rich cultural identity while supporting sustainable development and cultural tourism.

The law aims to:

• Protect, preserve, document, and promote the UAE’s cultural heritage.
• Encourage research and education related to heritage.
• Support cultural exchange and diversity.
• Preserve heritage for future generations.
• Boost heritage tourism across the UAE.
• Integrate cultural heritage into everyday community life.
• Encourage government and private organisations to include heritage in sustainable development plans.

What the law covers

The proposed legislation applies across all seven emirates, including free zones.

It protects a wide range of heritage, including:

• Tangible heritage such as historic buildings and artefacts.
• Intangible heritage, including traditions, customs, and cultural practices.
• Natural heritage.
• Digital heritage, including culturally significant digital records and archives.

The draft law classifies historical buildings as structures built before 1960, while modern heritage includes significant buildings constructed after 1960, such as schools, hospitals, museums, and industrial facilities.

Archaeological sites, shipwrecks, and submerged aircraft located within UAE territory are also protected under the proposed legislation.

Reporting heritage discoveries is mandatory

Anyone who discovers an archaeological object or cultural heritage item must report it within 48 hours to the relevant authority, the Ministry of Culture, or the nearest police station.

People who promptly report discoveries may be eligible for a reward, encouraging public participation in protecting the nation’s heritage.

Major penalties

Fines of Dh500,000 to Dh10 million

The highest penalties apply to offences such as:

• Deliberately damaging or destroying heritage sites or artefacts.
• Stealing or unlawfully taking cultural heritage items.
• Carrying out construction, demolition, or infrastructure work at protected sites without official approval.
• Smuggling cultural or archaeological items into or out of the UAE.

Up to 10 years in prison

Offenders may face prison sentences of up to 10 years, along with fines ranging from Dh300,000 to Dh5 million, for:

• Conducting illegal archaeological excavations.
• Using heritage sites as dumping grounds.
• Submitting false documents to export antiquities.
• Forging heritage artefacts or intentionally creating fake cultural items to deceive others.

Up to three years in prison

The draft law also proposes prison terms of up to three years and fines between Dh100,000 and Dh5 million for offences including:

• Removing or relocating heritage items without approval.
• Trading materials taken from protected heritage sites.
• Displaying advertisements on heritage or archaeological locations.
• Failing to register heritage items in private possession.
• Neglecting the preservation of registered heritage items.
• Obstructing authorised inspectors.
• Organising events involving cultural heritage without the required permits.

Strengthening heritage protection

The proposed legislation reflects the UAE’s commitment to preserving its history and cultural identity while promoting responsible tourism and sustainable development. If implemented, it will establish one of the region’s strongest legal frameworks for safeguarding cultural heritage and ensuring its preservation for future generations.